]>
IRCT20240907062968N7 IRCT 2026-05-05 Islamic Azad University The effect of NASM exercises with and without Kinesio taping on some musculoskeletal variables. Comparison of the effect of NASM exercises with and without Kinesio taping on some musculoskeletal variables in 12 to 15-year-old female students with functional flat feet. 2026-05-05 anticipated 32 Complete https://irct.ir/trial/89746 interventional Randomization: Randomized, Blinding: Double blinded, Placebo: Not used, Assignment: Parallel, Purpose: Prevention, Randomization description: The randomization method will be web-based. Subjects who meet the inclusion criteria will be randomly assigned to the first experimental group and the control group using the randomization method of the website (Social Psychology Network, Connecticut, USA) www.randomizer.org. The randomization will be simple. Concealment of random allocation will be done using a computer-generated blocked random table, where number 1 is defined for the NASM exercise group, and number 2 for the NASM exercise with Kinesio taping group. Then, the random numerical sequence will be placed in opaque, sealed envelopes. Also, according to the assignment of groups, the intervention will be continued by the researcher, Blinding description: Participants, after studying the consent form in a 30-minute session, are informed about the study groups and participate willingly without having the option to choose their group. Patient names are randomly divided into three equal groups by a person unaware of the individuals' identity and physical characteristics, using the website http://randomizer.org, and each part is placed separately in sealed envelopes. Then, each individual receives the appropriate training and exercises according to their assigned group. The analyzer and outcome evaluator, without knowledge of the hypotheses, study methods, and patient characteristics, examines and compares the changes made before and after eight weeks. Also, for blinding the subjects, kinesio tape was applied in both groups, with therapeutic pressure applied in the experimental group and no pressure applied in the control group, only to eliminate the placebo effect of the kinesio tape. N/A flat foot. Intervention 1: Intervention group: Intervention group: Subjects performed NASM exercises for eight weeks (three 30-minute sessions per week), during which time Kinesio taping was also applied to the subjects' ankles. Intervention 2: Control group: Control group: NASM exercise subjects performed these exercises for eight weeks (three 30-minute sessions each week). Yes - There is a plan to make this available What will be shared: The data related to the subjects of the control and intervention groups in the pre-test and post-test are shared in an unidentifiable way. When: Six months after the publication of articles To whom: All researchers Conditions: There is no obstacle to using data for citation, by mentioning the source. Where to obtain: Vahid.mazloum@yahoo.com How to obtain: The request will be made by email and the answer will be sent within 15 days. Comments:
public Vahid Mazloum
Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mo'azen Boulevard, Rajai Shahr, Karaj City Alborz Province
Karaj Iran (Islamic Republic of) 3149968111 +98 26 3425 9571 Vahid.mazloom@kiau.ir Islamic Azad University scientific Vahid Mazloum
Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mo'azen Boulevard, Rajai Shahr, Karaj City Alborz Province
Karaj Iran (Islamic Republic of) 3149968111 009826364529571 Vahid.mazloom@kiau.ir Islamic Azad University Iran (Islamic Republic of) Flatfoot functional impairment Written consent of the volunteer and parents Not using any medication that affects the nervous system and controlling posture. girls aged between 12 - 15 12 years 15 years Female History of types of accidents, collisions, and ankle sprains Having an allergy to adhesive and experiencing coldness and sweating of the soles. Absence of two consecutive sessions or more than three sessions in total during the entire course M21.4 Flat foot [pes planus] (acquired) Prevention Prevention Intervention group: Intervention group: Subjects performed NASM exercises for eight weeks (three 30-minute sessions per week), during which time Kinesio taping was also applied to the subjects' ankles. Control group: Control group: NASM exercise subjects performed these exercises for eight weeks (three 30-minute sessions each week). Navicular drop index. Timepoint: Before and after the intervention. Method of measurement: The navicular drop test (Brody method) was used to assess foot structure. The height of the navicular bone from the ground was first measured in a seated position with standardized joint alignment, and then re-measured in a standing position with equal weight distribution. The difference between these two measurements was recorded as the navicular drop. Measurements were performed three times for each foot. A drop of 5–9 mm was considered normal, while values greater than 10 mm indicated flat foot. Y balance test. Timepoint: Before and after the intervention. Method of measurement: The Y-Balance Test was conducted in three directions: anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral. Participants stood on one leg at the center of the Y and reached with the opposite leg as far as possible in each direction while maintaining balance. The reach distance from the center to the point of contact was recorded in centimeters. To minimize learning effects, participants performed six practice trials in each direction with 15 seconds of rest between trials, followed by a 5-minute rest before the main test. Trials were repeated if errors occurred (e.g., movement of the stance foot or loss of balance). For data normalization, lower limb length was measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus in a supine position. The final balance score was calculated as the average reach distance across the three directions relative to limb length. Proprioception of the ankle. Timepoint: Before and after the intervention. Method of measurement: To assess ankle joint proprioception in a closed kinetic chain, participants stood on their dominant leg while keeping the opposite leg suspended without ground contact. A 5-cm wedge was placed under the heel to minimize the passive contribution of the gastrocnemius muscle. The target ankle position was set at 15° dorsiflexion using a goniometer, with participants shifting their weight onto the test leg and maintaining this position for 5 seconds; this was repeated three times for familiarization. Participants were then asked to actively reproduce the 15° dorsiflexion angle from a neutral starting position (0°) in three trials. Each reproduced position was held for 3 seconds and recorded באמצעות imaging. The images were analyzed using Kinovea software, and the mean absolute error between the target and reproduced angles was calculated as the joint position sense error. Staheli Arch Index. Timepoint: Before and after the intervention. Method of measurement: The plantar arch was assessed using the Staheli Arch Index. Footprints were obtained by applying talcum powder to the participants’ feet and asking them to walk across a cardboard surface without focusing on it. The Staheli Index was calculated as the ratio of the minimum width of the midfoot region to the maximum width of the heel region (A/B). Values <0.44 indicated a high arch (pes cavus), values between 0.44 and 0.89 were considered normal, and values >0.89 indicated a low arch (flat foot). Static balance. Timepoint: Before and after the intervention. Method of measurement: In this test, the participant stood on the dominant leg with hands placed on the hips and positioned the toes of the non-dominant foot on the knee of the stance leg. Upon the command “ready,” the participant lifted the heel of the stance foot and balanced on the toes while maintaining stability without moving the foot or removing the hands from the hips. The test was performed three times, and the best time was recorded as the final score. Proprioception of the knee joint. Timepoint: Before and after the intervention. Method of measurement: Knee joint proprioception was assessed using an angle reproduction test with a goniometer. A target angle of 45° knee flexion was selected. Participants were seated with the knee initially at 90°, and the examiner passively moved the limb to the target angle, holding it for 5 seconds to allow memorization. The limb was then returned to the starting position, and after a 5-second pause, participants were asked to actively reproduce the target angle with their eyes closed. The reproduced angle was recorded. The procedure was repeated three times with 10-second rest intervals, and the absolute error between the target and reproduced angles was calculated as the outcome measure. Before and after the intervention. Timepoint: Before and after intervention. Method of measurement: The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) was originally developed in the United States by Hill and Hertel (2005) for adults. It consists of 26 items divided into two subscales: pain and function (disability). Scoring is based on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (unable to perform) to 4 (no difficulty). Subscale scores are calculated by summing the relevant items and are scaled from 0 to 100. The total score is obtained by summing the scores of all subscales. Islamic Azad University Approved 2025-10-28 Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University Karaj branch Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mo'azen Boulevard, Rajai Shahr, Karaj City Alborz Province Karaj Alborz Iran (Islamic Republic of)